I thought about it over the weekend. That operations manager kept repeating, "We're going to bill this as a physical, that's going to happen". Even though he reluctantly agreed at the end of the call to hold off on actually billing it (when I demanded that), he didn't sound sincere, and I decided I didn't want to just sit on my hands and wait for the claim to come in and then have to fight it after-the-fact.
I called the insurance company and filed a report about this, and told the entire story.
They agree that, if my story is true, it was not a valid physical, since they backcoded it after-the-fact, and therefore performed it without my consent.
The lab work is trickier. I told them that I only had the lab work believing it was part of a physical, because they told me it was. Then, when the lab work was completed, they told me that I wouldn't be getting the rest of the physical (because I "already had it").
My argument was that I had the lab work under false pretenses (part of a physical they would not complete), and therefore it should not be valid or billable.
The insurance claims guy agreed with me, but said, "This is a unique one. I've never seen this particular situation before, so I don't know what to do."
So they're looking into what they can do when someone is essentially tricked into lab work as part of a greater fraudulent scheme.
Hopefully they will block these claims if they get submitted. I feel that's the best way to go about it, rather than waiting for the billing to go through and having to fight to back it out.