Here's How China's Coming Renminbi Devaluation Will Play Out
When a currency devalues, it's a bit like a car crash. It's abrupt and violent, it hurts people, and it can take a while to clear up.
China's currency, the renminbi, will likely be involved in the forex equivalent of a highway pileup at some point. That is, it's going to decline in value vs. other currencies, maybe dramatically.
Since August, the renminbi has fallen 5.7% against the dollar. That doesn't qualify as particularly dramatic, although the global stock market tremors at the beginning of 2016, which were sparked in part because of concerns over the stability of the renminbi, certainly were.
Money doesn't like uncertainty. Concern about a slowing Chinese economy, a growing debt load and even Chinese investors avoiding the country loom over the renminbi. Bloomberg estimated that in 2015, China had capital outflows of $1 trillion. The amount of money leaving has slowed, but in the first quarter of 2016, the Institute of International Finance estimates that $175 billion in net capital left China.
To stem the tide of money leaving the country, China's central bank has tried to further restrict capital outflows. The government has also been using up its massive foreign exchange reserves to help stabilize the currency.
The renminbi has stabilized, for now. But the problems and challenges that plagued the economy and spooked investors in January haven't gone away. And as the government tries to address a slower rate of growth, the currency will be under added pressure.
It may not experience a sudden crash, but it could end up being a more gradual devaluation. And regulators will most likely -- eventually -- learn that, no matter what, markets always win. Chinese officials can try and fight it, but they're probably delaying the inevitable when it comes to the renminbi.
Every car crash, and currency crash, is unique. But there are plenty of parallels between what's happening now and what happened in Russia in 1998.
In 1998, oil prices had collapsed much the same way they have in recent months. Russia, which relies heavily on oil, saw its currency, the ruble, go from 7 rubles per dollar to 12 per dollar in less than a month. The banking system imploded as the currency depreciated, which meant many Russians could only watch helplessly as their savings withered away. Finding an ATM that had cash was a major accomplishment.
Fast-thinking savers who were lucky enough to get their hands on cash used it to buy hard goods -- cars, refrigerators, washing machines and anything else that wouldn't decline in value as quickly as rubles. When a currency is collapsing, it makes sense to spend money buying things that are likely to hold value, and that you can sell later (or at least use).
Currency depreciation also makes imported goods a lot more expensive, while locally made goods and assets decline in real terms. In other words, in 1998 if you walked into a Russian supermarket with greenbacks in hand, you were looking at a potential enormous discount on literally everything being sold in rubles (until the prices were changed, at least).
So if, or when, China faces a currency crisis, it will destroy value in some places, but present other opportunities. For the attentive investor, there's a silver lining regardless of how dark the clouds get.